Notre vue d'ensemble desmeilleures routes de contournementdepuis toute la Suisse. Closed pass roads. The new Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) is set to become the world's longest railway tunnel when it opens on June 1. Of all possible routes, Gotthard had historically been a favoured one for the passage of travellers by foot or packhorse. Photo: Swiss Travel System. News; Mobility; Additional Information. Particularly for those new in town, the first time they are confronted with 7km of waiting cars in front of the tunnel can be a bit overwhelming. Initially, the voltage had to be reduced from the desired 15 kilovolts to 7.5 kV, because the grime deposited on the insulators by the steam locomotives encouraged excessive arcing. These stations house ventilation equipment and technical infrastructure and serve as emergency stops and evacuation routes. All reach beyond the cliche and will help you feel right at home. Refilling water boilers of steam locomotives was no longer necessary. Emplacement : A2, juste avant l'entre du tunnel Airolo, vue en direction du sud (Tessin). The Gotthard base tunnel is the longest rail tunnel in the world with a length of 57.09 km. Le tunnel du Gothard est-il actuellement ouvert et y a-t-il des bouchons? At the end of the access tunnel, two vertical shafts lead 800m (2,625ft) down to the base tunnel level. Construction on a second, parallel road tunnel was started. There are still some bugs and things to improve, but I would like to have a stable version before Easter. Manufacture Franaise des Pneumatiques Michelin will process your email address in order to manage your subscription to the Michelin newsletter. SBB has compiled a list of frequently asked questions about the Gotthard north-south axis for media professionals. Que ce soit cause des embouteillages ou d'une fermeture prvue du tunnel du Gothard, il vaut souvent la peine de contourner le goulet d'tranglement des Alpes. Driving conditions can be difficult on passes that remain open, like the Simplon, Brnig and Julier Pass. Wassen is at 4.5 km from Gschenen. Required fields are marked *. The bonus of going over the pass is being able to enjoy the mountain scenery you would have missed going through the tunnel. [16], After 64 percent of Swiss voters accepted the NRLA project in a 1992 referendum, the first preparatory and exploratory work began in 1996. The St Gotthard route has probably been the most innovative route through the Alps for centuries. Sit back and let someone else drive, and if you are lucky there may be a family wagon with game boards on your train. The 19 th century's mountain railway, the motorway tunnel completed in 1980 and the 57 km long, 21st century base tunnel are impressive achievements. Scroll down to see the current dashboard. To complete your registration, click on the link in the email that we have just sent you. [5] The tunnel was built roughly parallel to the old railway tunnel, with portals a few hundred metres away from those of the railway. Check out our car rental service and all its many benefits. Easy to understand pictograms are displayed on your map. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. If you did get stuck in traffic be patient. Electric, hybrid and alternative fuels: what are the different advantages and limitations? If you experience bugs or have suggestions, please send an email. [38], On 31 October 2014, the railway track installation was completed. The new Gotthard base tunnel is the longest railway tunnel in the world, and is the epitome of Swiss precision, innovation and reliability. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Find detailed information on our dedicated Tunnel del Gottardo road traffic page. The Gotthard Tunnel is the core and culminating point of the A2 motorway in Switzerland, running south from Basel through the tunnel down to Chiasso on the border with Italy. "[21] On average, the temperature is about 3C (5F) higher on the south side than the north side, but on some days, temperature differences are well over 10C (18F). Green vehicles: which motorisation for which use? [3] There was also a section of entirely disaggregated bedrock encounter, which could only be cleared using traditional manual techniques, which came with the risk of potential collapse. A gold sleeper on the very last part of the track was installed during the event to mark this milestone of progress. [3], During 1909, the Gotthardbahn was integrated into the Swiss Federal Railways. But everyone is desperate to avoid incidents or tragedies such as the 2001 lorry collision which fuelled a fire that killed 11 people, or the funicular tunnel fire that claimed the lives of 155 skiers and . Our data illustrates traffic conditions on the road and traffic conditions on the motorways in real time. Following a resolution by the Swiss Federal Council dated October 25, 2017, the Federal Roads Office (FEDRO/ASTRA) will draw up a plan for executing the second Gotthard Road Tunnel tube, which will be presented to the Swiss Department for Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC/UVEK) for approval. Grce l'assurance voyage ETI, nous vous aidons rapidement et de manire fiable pendant vos vacances en Suisse et l'tranger. Its purpose was to test the infrastructure and any ancillary systems. The Gotthard Pass lies at the heart of the Gotthard, a major transport axis of Europe, and it is crossed by three traffic tunnels, each being the world's longest at the time of their construction: the Gotthard Rail Tunnel (1882), the Gotthard Road Tunnel (1980) and the Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016). In 2016, several events, including festivities and special exhibitions, were held around the Gotthard, culminating in the inaugurations in early June, dubbed Gottardo 2016. It is referred to as a "base tunnel" since it bypasses most of the existing Gotthard railway line, a winding mountain route opened in 1882 across the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which was operating at its capacity before the opening of the GBT. Gotthard Tunnel Traffic News. The occasion was widely publicised and hailed as a major engineering triumph; the engineer Adolphe Gautier described it at the time as being "the greatest work hitherto attempted by man". The tunnel shaves an hour off travel time between northern and southern Europe, although the flipside is that it cuts out an . [64] From 2019 onwards, the Gotthard axis will be served by the Stadler EC250 (Giruno),[needs update] high-speed train and future flagship of the SBB fleet. Dpannage en Suisse pour voiture, moto et vlo, Dpannage en Europe pour voitures et motos, Bornes de recharge pour vhicules lectriques, v3.9 / You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link included in the newsletter. A bronze memorial plaque with their names four coming from Germany, three from Italy, and one from each of South Africa and Austria was unveiled by AlpTransit Gotthard AG CEO Renzo Simoni. Escaping down south this spring and summer? Internet portal for traffic news in Switzerland, with realtime traffic cams, reports of traffic jams and accidents, jam maps, pass roads, construction sites, traffic forecast, traffic obstructions, road reports All of these have their drawbacks and the usage of the second tunnel was chosen as the best option to allow for the reconstruction. The tunnel's speed limit is 80km/h (50mph). Opponents of the plan fear an increase in . Join to use and share best sources for traffic. The 15,003m (49,222ft) Gotthard Rail Tunnel, close to but separate from the expressway tunnel, handles rail traffic on the north-south line in Switzerland. In response to the automobile boom in Switzerland and other things, the Swiss government gave approval in July 1969 for the construction of the 17-kilometre (11mi) Gotthard Road tunnel. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The tunnel rises from the northern portal at Gschenen (1,080m (3,540ft)) and the culminating point is reached after approximately 8 kilometres (5.0mi). It posed a huge challenge for automobiles. As early as 1947, engineer Eduard Gruner imagined a two-story base tunnel from Amsteg to Biasca, both rail and road, with a stop at Sedrun, to provide a faster and flatter passage through the Swiss Alps. The Gotthard Rail Tunnel is the world's longest and deepest Switzerland might not have the longest rail bridge, but it can now claim the longest rail tunnel in the world. AlpTransit Gotthard Ltd (ATG) was founded on 12 May 1998. [20] A Catholic shrine to Saint Barbara, the patron of miners, stands inside the tunnel as a memorial.[62]. The Gotthard Base Tunnel, which runs through the Alps in Switzerland, is the world's longest railway tunnel. At the moment, I have a base of 20-40 daily users (mainly colleagues) and I think it's time to start sponsoring it, mainly to collect feedbacks also from other people. [3] This period of activity largely revolved around removing the excess spoil and the completion of its masonry. The San Gotthard Tunnel was inaugurated on June 1, 2016. [6], Even prior to the onset of construction activity, the location of the tunnel presented challenges that exceeded those of the earlier Frjus Rail Tunnel; due to both the steepness and height of the summits, surveys using direct observation were impossible, thus more complex indirect techniques combining triangulation and accurate cartography were performed by a team headed by M. Gelpke, and subsequently confirmed by a second team led by M. Koppe via different methodology. Gotthard Tunnel | Live Traffic Webcams gotthard pass -6 C north portal 1 C south portal 0 C CHIASSO calendar WEBCAMS traffic history New data available! [19] Nine people died during construction. [9][10][11] Medical investigations led to "major advances in parasitology, by way of research into the aetiology, epidemiology and treatment of ancylostomiasis". When it officially opens on June 1, the Gotthard Base Tunnel will overtake Japan's 53.9-kilometer Seikan Tunnel as the world's longest train tunnel and bump the 50.5-kilometer Channel. The Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) (shown in figure 5) is a railwa y tunnel in the heart of the Swiss Alps expected to open on J une 2, 2016. A window allows visitors to watch the trains running in the tunnel. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. It opened in June 2016 and full service began the following December. The Gotthard tunnel was closed due to a rockfall. [12], This article is about the 1980 road tunnel. Similar topics. Gotthard Base Tunnel, Switzerland. At the start of 1962, the Gotthard tunnel study group appointed by the Confederation commissions the Elektro-Watt company to draft a project for a Gotthard Base Rail Tunnel from Amsteg to Giornico. public events). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It is the world's longest and deepest train tunnel, 8,000 feet deep at . The construction of the Gotthard tunnel was carried out from 1970 to 1980, the opening of the tunnel by Federal Councillor Hans Hrlimann took place on 5 September 1980. A 12-month stint as an AuPair in the hills behind Basel turned into a permanent stay after fate stepped in. The Gotthard road tunnel needs to be overhauled. For example, some time of the day and some day of the week are busier than others. The SBB often puts on extra trains at peak times to cope with the higher demand. Passes may temporarily close in case of bad weather. During 2016, the GBT was tested extensively[64][65] before its integration into the regular schedule on 11 December. [14] During 1980, the neighbouring Gotthard Road Tunnel was opened; by 2016, it was reportedly being used to convey around one million freight lorries each year. The origins of the Gotthard Tunnel and its construction can be traced back to the widely-felt desire to improve interconnectivity between the European nations. [14] The new base tunnel establishes a direct route usable by high-speed rail and heavy freight trains. North - South; West - east; Traffic hotspots; Webcams Gotthard route. [4] In the 1840s, the two cantons then joined forces with the Ticino for a tunnel through the Lukmanier. Does it work? 11 years ago. The Alpine Initiative "for the protection of the Alpine region from transit traffic", which raised barriers against road tunnel construction, was initially blocked by the Swiss Parliament. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. My recommendation is as follows: get up early and before you leave check the traffic news . You can consider donating to support the running costs. - CH - Ticino: Passo del San Gottardo (Saint Gotthard Pass), Here are our tips for making the right choice. Trains can move between the tunnels in the two multifunction stations at Sedrun and Faido. From 1924, car transport on trains through the railway tunnel began. Easy to understand pictograms are displayed on your map. 569 likes. [3], The conditions present in either of the bores were thoroughly inhospitable during the tunnel's construction, particularly in the bore driven from Airolo, where vapours were persistently present throughout the work. A2, new roadworks layout in both directions, between Gschenen and Airolo. The actual upgrade mining of the second road tunnel would last from 2020 to 2027 at a cost of 2.7billion francs for the whole project including the following reconstruction of the first tunnel. The data is in real time, updated every 15 minutes. It will be dissolved through a merger with SBB on 30 April 2023. Bring snacks, music, and bookswhatever will keep you occupied. The 57-kilometer (35-mile) Gotthard Base Tunnel . This point corresponds to the main chain of the Alps, and is the main drainage divide between the Rhine and the Po. The Gotthard tunnel was closed from south to north due to a rockfall. Gotthard Pass Information Fondazione Pro San Gottardo 6780 Airolo Tel: +41 91 869 12 35 [email protected] www.passosangottardo.ch Description Features See also It is the king of alpine passes and the most known entrance gate (or exit point) to the southern part of Switzerland. Amsteg at 16 km, Erstfeld at 23 km. Today, that service exists as the rolling highway from the German to the Italian border and aims to reduce truck traffic on Swiss expressways. Excluding subway tunnels that lie near the surface. Yes. Swiss Poster Zrich HB (Zrich Train Station). It connects Gschenen with Airolo and was the first tunnel through the Saint-Gotthard Massif in order to bypass the St Gotthard Pass. Countries have moved closer to each other, the world market is open!". The Alps strongly influence the European climate and that of Switzerland in particular and there can be substantially different weather conditions at each end of the GBT, described by the Ticinese architect Mario Botta: "The light changes at the Gotthard: that of the Mediterranean Sea is not the same as that of the continent, that of the central lands, that of Europe far away from the sea. Thank you! The trip takes about seven to eight minutes by train. A proposal to construct a functioning railway station, called Porta Alpina (from Romansh, "Alpine Gate"), at this site was evaluated, but the project was put on hold in 2007 and definitively cancelled by the federal authorities in 2012 as uneconomical. Scroll down to see the current dashboard. It remains a single bore tunnel with just one lane operating in each direction. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A fifthat Bodiowas added later. In past years, annually, more than 10,000 people have visited this spectacular construction site. Screen shot of the TCS Traffic app. On this guided tour, a window in the Amsteg access gallery permits a direct view of trains rushing by. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. [3], But several other location where the tunnel through the alps was to be constructed were also discussed. Gotthard Pass hairpin turns (Mojolo / Adobe Stock) Negative leisure travel impact is expected on the motorway A2 and mainly in front of the Gotthard tunnel. Re: Gotthard tunnel. | SBB Stories", "Experience in Spoil Management on Conclusion of Excavations for the Gottard Base Tunnel", "100,000th train travels through the Gotthard Base Tunnel", "Gotthard rail tunnel boosts north-south traffic by a third", "Lngster Eisenbahntunnel der Welt ist fast zu erfolgreich", AGN Erstfeld Amsteg Constructors Web Site, Publications by and about Gotthard Base Tunnel, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gotthard_Base_Tunnel&oldid=1139236157, 5.20m (17ft 1in) from top of rail to overhead conductor. [3], It was decided that the contract to build the tunnel ought to be subject to a competitive tendering process, during which a bidding war broke out between two engineering companies, based in Geneva and Italy respectively. From the crest and border, the tunnel runs parallel to the small valley of the river Strem (Val Strem) before passing below Sedrun and the Anterior Rhine. Technical maximum speed: 250km/h (160mph), Maximum authorized speed: 230km/h (140mph), Operating speed (passenger): 200km/h (124mph) (normal) up to 230km/h (143mph) (if delay), Minimum speed: 100km/h (62mph) (freight), Amsteg (the 11.3km (7.0mi) section from Amsteg to north of, Sedrun (the 8.6km (5.3mi) East tube and 8.7km (5.4mi) West tube in the section immediately north and south of Sedrun), along with work performed by Transco (. Live Traffic Webcams, Twitter updates, Live Traffic Maps (Google), Live Traffic Evolution Graphics, and more. You can also transfer your calculated routes from your computer to the app: to do this, you must save it in your Favourites via your Michelin account. Sedrun portal (maintenance access, bridge over the Anterior Rhine), 1,334m (4,377ft) a.s.l. [4] But the Federal Councillor Josef Martin Knsel supported the realization of the Gotthard Tunnel and was against the Lukmanier route. The A2 motorway leaves Basel heading south toward Olten, Sursee . We also have profound knowledge of project management and implementation of . Faido portal (maintenance access), 757m (2,484ft) a.s.l. [86], 67,000 tonnes (150million pounds) on 120 trains passed through the tunnel each day during the first half year of operation.[88]. [8], During 29 February 1880, it was announced that both of the tunnel's advance borings had broken through into one another around the mountain's middle point. which declined alleging that the law prohibited the state to support the private railways financially. The Gotthard railway line has 36 tunnels totalling 31,216 metres. As the cantonal police in Uri announced, the rockfall occurred near Gurtnellen near the Felli Bridge. Hit by a boring bar that fell 700m (2,300ft). Switzerland's San Gotardo tunnel is part of the A2 motorway between Basel and Chiasso. Timeless SBB design. [10] During 1875, the workforce went on strike; this was promptly violently suppressed by local police force (21 men) from Altdorf, resulting in four deaths amongst the workers and the wounding of 13 others. These finishing works were considered to be relatively low risk compared with the preceding boring that had taken so long, and was actually easier to complete than the approach lines to meet with either end of the tunnel. [20], The Gotthard Base Tunnel, with a length of 57.09km (35.5mi) and a total of 151.84km (94.3mi) of tunnels, shafts and passages, is the longest railway tunnel in the world,[note 2] with a geodetic distance of 55.782km (34.7mi) between the two portals. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. If that all seems too much, just leave the car at home. The Gotthard Base Tunnel was described by Italy's infrastructure minister as the most important infrastructure project of the Rhine-Alps corridor that will link Rotterdam with Genoa, crossing an economic area worth 16% of the European Union's gross domestic product. Live Traffic Webcams, Twitter updates, Live Traffic Maps (Google), Live Traffic Evolution Graphics, and more. In winter, many passes are closed. There, the tunnel penetrates the western slopes of the Blmeten and Chli Windgllen (although only marginally) before passing below the valley of the Chrstelenbach, a creek in the Maderanertal. Fast access to the traffic information to plan your travel. Currently, we are counting 9 Saint Gotthard Pass traffic incidents. [13], During 1932, a memorial for those workers who had died during the tunnel's construction was erected close to the station building at Airolo. It was a once-daily service from Flelen railway station to Biasca railway station and in reverse. 1. [14], Coordinates: 463544N 83544E / 46.59556N 8.59556E / 46.59556; 8.59556, This article is about the 1882 rail tunnel. [10], The Swiss government has decided to upgrade the second tunnel into a full road tunnel in order to allow for the necessary reconstruction of the first road tunnel. [4][11] It is also the first flat route through the Alps or any other major mountain range, with a maximum elevation of 549m (1,801ft) above sea level,[4] corresponding to that of Bern. Subscribe to the Michelin newsletter. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". If you live in Switzerland, check with your Gemeinde for their Tageskarten (day cards) to make train travel even more affordable. Vous pouvez galement vous tenir inform sur la situation au Gothard par le biais de nos canaux Twitter. With a length of 57.09 kilometres (35.47 miles) and a total of 151.84 km (94.3 mi) of passages, it is one of the longest tunnels in the world connecting Erstfeld (Uri) with Bodio (Ticino) and . See you soon! Gotthard Tunnel Traffic News. According to Gautier, at the time of the tunnel's construction, there were proposal to operate trains hauled by atmospheric locomotives through the tunnel; however, he voiced his scepticism over the value of doing so in comparison to the addition work that would need to be performed to facilitate such rolling stock being operated. If you have kids that suffer from motion sickness, be prepared. However, in May the next year, steam was replaced entirely by electric traction, and the problem of soot and grime was eliminated. Have enough nappies, water, snacks and charged devices to keep those are we there yet questions at bay. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. With a route len gth of 57 km (35.4 mi) and a [62] At the northern entrance in Erstfeld, President of the Confederation Johann Schneider-Ammann spoke of a "giant step for Switzerland but equally for our neighbours and the rest of the continent", while a live relay carried a speech given by Transport Minister Doris Leuthard at the southern entrance in Bodio. [3] At the suggestion of the Geneva-based engineer M. Colladon, it was decided to use compressed air as a means of conveying energy around the worksite and along the bores. A second law, the Alpine Protection Act of February 1994,[28] requires a shift of as much tonnage as possible from truck transport to train transport. Men from all over Europe are flocking to a tiny village to work on the biggest and most spectacular construction site of modern times: the Gotthard tunnel! The journey takes about 13 minutes by car, the maximum speed being 80km/h (50mph). The nearby Gotthard Road Tunnel has proven to be relatively safe, not least given the sheer volume of traffic traversing its length. An improvisational piggyback service from Gschenen to Airolo was offered during the two-month closure of the Gotthard Road Tunnel following a fatal fire caused by a collision in 2001. The Gotthard Tunnel is the core and culminating point of the A2 motorway in Switzerland, running south from Basel through the tunnel down to Chiasso on the border with Italy. If you have kids that suffer from motion sickness, be prepared. If you have any suggestion, please feel free to write a comment. It does not store any personal data. The dashboard continuosly collects different data sources, can track when these patterns change and can return useful prediction. It was built for the use of trains travelling from northern Switzerland to the Ticino area and beyond.[9]. Published five months later, its report assesses the geological conditions and outlines a construction process involving . Votre commande est en cours de traitement. [3], The tunnel's construction proved difficult on account of multiple factors technical, geological, and financial. Yes. The confidence of both investors and engineers was bolstered by the Frjus Rail Tunnel, the construction of which had been substantially aided by the introduction of various modern innovations that made the prospects of building long tunnels more practical than they previously had been. 10 reviews. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Amsteg portal (maintenance access), 507m (1,663ft) a.s.l. See also: Bernard Wuthrich, "Le Romand du Gothard", Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 02:24, world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel, normals/climate-diagrams-and- normal-values-per-station.html?region=Map Climate diagrams and normal values per station, "Project data raw construction Gotthard Base Tunnel", "ber und durch den Gotthard eine Zeitreise durch die Jahrhunderte", "World's longest and deepest rail tunnel to open in Switzerland", "Gotthard- und CeneriBasistunnel: die neue Gotthard-Bahn nimmt Gestalt an", "Gotthard tunnel: World's longest and deepest rail tunnel opens in Switzerland", "Le tunnel de base du Gothard rvolutionnera le rail dans deux ans", "Chronology of a Project of the Century: Milestones in the Construction History up to 2010", "Oberaufsicht ber den Bau der Neat im Jahre 2015: Bericht der Neat-Aufsichtsdelegation der eidgenssischen Rte zuhanden der Finanzkommissionen, der Geschftsprfungskommissionen und der Kommissionen fr Verkehr und Fernmeldewesen", "Memorial ceremony for deceased tunnel workers", "Trois heures en 20 ans, le temps gagn pour traverser l'Europe par le Gothard", "Switzerland Celebrates World's Longest Rail Tunnel", "Opposing views on doubling the Gotthard tunnel SWI", "Voters give green light to new Gotthard road tunnel - The Local", "The Alpine Convention: A Model for Other Mountain Regions? [note 3], The north portal lies in the north of the municipality of Erstfeld at an elevation of 460m (1,510ft), east of the Reuss. After 10.3 kilometres (6.4mi) from the northern portal there is the border between the cantons of Uri and Ticino; after another 6.7 kilometres (4.2mi), the tunnel ends at the southern portal near Airolo (1,146m (3,760ft)). Refresh the page! Your email address will not be published. The railway (opened 1882) through the tunnel connects Lucerne, Switzerland, with Milan. While a triumph of its era and an example of pioneering engineering, the Gotthard Tunnel was considered to be relatively slow to traverse by twentieth century standards, leading to talk of building a superior successor tunnel as early as the 1940s. The Gotthard Base Tunnel - The World's Longest. For the 2016 rail tunnel, see, The south entrance of Gotthard Road Tunnel. If you are using a phone, turn it horizontally for best view. [3] It was also observed that a high degree of accuracy had successfully been achieved, a testament to the stringent surveying and directing that had been performed throughout the construction phase. The goal of the app is to have all the important information in one single place and available in few seconds. Manufacture Franaise des Pneumatiques Michelin will process your email address in order to manage your subscription to the Michelin newsletter. It connects Gschenen with Airolo and was the first tunnel through the Saint-Gotthard Massif in order to bypass the St Gotthard Pass. Transit time was further dramatically reduced with the opening of the Gotthard Road Tunnel and the finalization of the northern part of A2 motorway through the Urner Reusstal (in close proximity to the railway), with many additional tunnels (then leading from Basel to the Gotthard Road Tunnel), in 1980. The traffic situation around the Gotthard Tunnel even has its own Twitter Account. It is the deepest railway tunnel in the world, with a maximum depth of 2,450m (8,040ft),[4] comparable to that of the deepest mines on Earth. If you dont have school age children, for goodness sake, dont travel on the peak travel days with the rest of Switzerland! The Gotthard base tunnel is 57km and in some places 2.3km from the surface.
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