9. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. New York: Oxford University Press. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. 3. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Martin, J. R. (1994). . The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. There are many different types of data presentation. States of democracy: A gender perspective. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Pros of Representative Democracy. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Teigen, M. (2000). systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. While The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. suggest descriptive representation leads to substantive representation in Congress. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? In the most comprehensive treatment on this subject to date, this article demonstrates that states with higher turnover rates and citizen legislatures are more conducive to the election of Latinos and demonstrates the institutional and demographic differences among several states affecting Latino descriptive representation. PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Letters can be written to their representatives. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. Aldershot: Ashgate. Oxford: Polity Press. Emerald: Bingley. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . (2005b). Advantages of Descriptive Research. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. Comparative state feminism. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. The notions of women-centred/intersectional state feminism, state feminism with/without a welfare state and with/without democratization should be thought of in terms of Weberian ideal types. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. London: Routledge. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Towards a European union gender equality index. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. (1999). It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Pros. Why democracy? 2. New York: Routledge. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. Lovenduski, J. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fraser, N. (2003). (Eds.). Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. thanked the writer. Mansbridge, J. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. Fleurbaey, M. (1995). Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. Cons are arguments against it. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Mansbridge, J. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. (1998). Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. (1995). Cons. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. Toggle navigation. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Some of the most important are listed below. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. The innocent are no longer afraid to pursue their first amendment and to remind others that we are all created equal. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. 2. Sex and social justice. Sawer, M. (2002). The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. Lovenduski, J. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. Between facts and norms. I didnt have an opinion when surveys asked if I felt that I wasn't being treated equally to my fellow American classmate with all the same qualities I held. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. Multicultural citizenship. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. Bone conduction headphones have many pros, including no ear wax build-up or infections, and they can be helpful for people with tinnitus. Williams, M. S. (1998). In our current system, voters are given one vote to . Youve probably heard readers make that comment. By making the decision-making process more . This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. When it comes to confidentiality, some respondents won't give answers to questionnaires and interviews. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Swain, C. M. (1993). (1996). Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Google Scholar. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. Minorities can be said to place themselves at a disadvantage because of their vulnerability and stubborn inability to, The fact that the social disorganization theory is pretty much you will that one one individual is influence of the people around him if he is in a neighbor hood known of robberies then the individual is more than likely going to be doing robberies.