characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. 2. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. These programs should also result in Ethiopia getting to middle income status by 2025. 133 8.5.2. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. [7] >. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. Wubne, Mulatu. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. Agriculture. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. Brighter Green, 6. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Ethiopian farmers plough their land by combining the above tools for such three months to get yearly consumed food. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. This site contains PDF documents. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Title. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. In EFY 197475, pulses and oilseeds accounted for 34% of export earnings (about 163 million Birr), but this share declined to about 3% (about 30 million Birr) in EFY 198889. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. After the 1975 land reform, peasants began withholding grain from the market to drive up prices because government price-control measures had created shortages of consumer items. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . In addition to wheat, the demand for oilseeds, such as soybeans and Niger seed, is expected to grow as Ethiopias demand for both cooking oil and livestock feed increases. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. The Ethiopian Herald (Addis Ababa) Urban agriculture utilizes resources such as land that have high demand for other urban uses . More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Private . Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. D. espite the countr. Kassaye Tolassa . Land use function 2 2.2. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. J. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. Source: United Nations Comtrade. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). The government nationalized rural land without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms, ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Agriculture. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Researchers found however that, since transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance in itself does not affect schooling. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Therefore, investment in commercial farming requires considerable due diligence. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa.

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