2021 Jul;71(4):333-358. doi: 10.3322/caac.21670. This fluid nourishes and protects the sperm. Introduction: Anatomy and Function of the Prostate Gland The prostate gland is an accessory male reproductive organ, located at the base of the bladder, and surrounding the urethra. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for citric acid to be determined in three different matrices (tissue, urine and blood). Cancers (Basel). Prior to the analysis, FFPE blocks were cut to obtain 20 m sections, which were implemented to the qualitative analysis of CA. On the day of the analysis, samples (urine and serum) were thawed on ice for 2 h, centrifuged and filtered. [3] indicate a correlation between differences in gene expression and cancer stage. Why there is citric acid in the secretion of prostate gland? beside the Their determination enables differentiation in accordance with the advancement stage of cancer as well as to evaluate the specificity of the potential biomarkers in order to predict prostate cancer progression [3]. CITRIC ACID IN METASTASIZING CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE GLAND. The obtained results were correlated with both the histopathological data (the Gleason scale as well as the Classification of Malignant Tumors (pTNM) staging scale) and the biochemical data (the values of the following factors: prostate specific antigen, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, total cholesterol, creatinine and prolactin) using chemometric methods. Heir T., Falk R.S., Robsahm T.E., Sandvik L., Erikssen J., Tretli S. Cholesterol and prostate cancer risk: A long-term pro-spective cohort study. used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) technique for the detection of specific indicators of PCa through the use of a lipidomics approach [6]. You may find that citrus juices worsen your symptoms while citrus fruits do not. Trans West Sect Am Urol Assoc. National Library of Medicine Before The average concentration of citric acid arranged regarding three studied matrices. The correlation matrix presents the dependence between multiple parameters simultaneously. Other cases were described as pT3, including those found as tumors extending through the prostatic capsule. = extract. -, J Urol. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! PCa = prostate cancer cases and BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia. 1995 Mar;45(3):459-66. doi: 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80016-8. Buszewska-Forajta M., Raczak-Gutknecht J., Artymowicz M., Wesoowski W., Buczkowski K., Iycka-wieszewska E., Markuszewski M.J. The organization of the human prostate gland. Tissue expression of RAX2 - Staining in parathyroid gland - The Human The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks containing tissue samples were stored at room temperature (2022 C). Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Genetically Engineered Mice In tissue samples, CA levels were significantly lower in the positive cases (p The concentration of citrate was calculated according to the following equation: where Sa is the amount of citrate in the unknown sample (in nmols) given by the standard curve, while Sv corresponds to sample volume (L) added into the wells. C.t. (2021) showed significance in detecting zwitterionic and positively charged species in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer [7]. Another element in prostate fluid is an enzyme. Additionally, a weak negative correlation between CA levels in tissue and serum was found (rho = 0.25). infection was found in 20%, including 8.3% with only the urethra affected and 10% with only the prostate. MARBERGER H, SEGAL SJ, FLOCKS RH. PCa = prostate cancer cases and BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia. difficulty in urination due to enlargement of the prostate gland; cough that occurs with too much phlegm (mucus) a breathing . TC, LDL and CA measured in tissue were the variables where trends across the samples appeared to be more similar, while the remaining parameters composed a different hierarchical group. The diagnosis was confirmed by the histopathological evaluation, where tissue samples were characterized in reference to the Gleason scaling. The second subgroup, including the most common stage pT = 2, is characterized by the presence of a tumor involving both lobes (pT2**). The present study aimed to evaluate the role of CA in the pathomechanism of PCa. Results: Inflammation of the prostate (PMNs >/=10/field) was diagnosed in 58.3 of the patients. The concentration of citric acid was measured using the UV method. Therefore, it is possible to observe that CA levels in tissue appear negatively correlated to the trend observed for this variable in urine and serum (these last two presenting considerable correspondence between each other). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. = normalized to creatinine (in the case of urine) or to weight (in the case of tissue) and ext. 2021 Apr-Jun;14(2):129-136. doi: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_26_21. = normalized to creatinine (in the case of urine) or to weight (in the case of tissue) and ext. 1) Spermatogonia 2) Primary spermatocyte 3) Secondary spermatocyte 4) Spermatid 5) Spermatozoa Match the duct of the male reproductive system with its function. Currently, analytical procedures lean towards omics approaches: metabolomics, lipidomics and proteomics. An official website of the United States government. Differences in urinary CA were especially significant when analyzing data partitioning according to the clinical staging (p = 0.0026), rather than the GS (p = 0.037). CA = citric acid, KW = KruskalWallis test, padj = adjusted p-value according to B-H method for the referred comparison, as reported by the MannWhitney test, ns = non-significant, norm. Cancer Res. The role of citric acid in the physiology of the prostate: a preliminary report. The role of citric acid in the physiology of the prostate: A The In the prostate cancer group, pH values were relatively higher (5.5 to 6.2). The mean PSA concentration in the PCa group was 14.80 12 ng/mL (max. Cerrato A., Bedia C., Capriotti A.L., Cavaliere C., Gentile V., Maggi M., Montone C.M., Piovesana S., Sciarra A., Tauler R., et al. 2019 May 28;20(11):2613. doi: 10.3390/ijms20112613. 2010 Jun 4;2(2):1125-54. doi: 10.3390/cancers2021125. Three types of biological materials (tissue, blood and urine) were collected from each patient. The .gov means its official. The concentration of CA was calculated on the basis of the intensity of the generated fluorometric product, generated after the interaction with the enzyme. 3. -, J Urol. The intensity of changes is closely correlated with the degree of differentiation of neoplastic cells. It employs an exocrine function by secreting proteolytic enzymes, prostatic acid phosphatase, fibrinolysin, zinc, prostate-specific antigen, etc. Analyzing solely positive cases, a relationship between the variables associated to cancer staging and analyte levels in tissue (Figure 4B) may be detected. 2008 Nov;21(6):393-407. doi: 10.1007/s10334-008-0122-6. Determinations of citric acid and fructose in ejaculated semen provide a means whereby to assess quantitatively the secretory function of the prostate and seminal vesicle, respectively, in the living individual, under normal as well as pathological conditions. The site is secure. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Careers. This leads to the activation of aconitase, which is active in the prostate cell. and transmitted securely. ); lp.kmu.tnarotkod@ikswoibelog.nairda (A.G.); lp.kmu@zsubb (B.B. Patients were divided into subgroups according to the histopathological assessment. 8600 Rockville Pike In the case of clinical staging criteria, a positive correlation was observed. Markers for detection of prostate cancer. HCA associated with a heatmap; The condition code refers to different PCa stages according to GS. This is a PDF-only article. 2008 Dec;19(6):261-72. doi: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3181aa6b50. The application of dedicated commercial kits enables the assessment of CA in several biological matrices. [30] reported that elevated level of lipids, including free cholesterol, were associated with PCa development [30]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help For this reason, the application of bioinformatics and statistical analysis is necessary in order to interpret the obtained data. [5] performed lipidomic analysis on 141 plasma samples. The first page of the PDF of this article appears above. J.F. PCA biplots were built in order to evaluate data patterns considering the multiple parameters that were analyzed. Its concentration can be related with the patients lifestyle in terms of diet. KOMARKOVA A, VITKOVA E, PACOVSKY V, VOSTAL J, BLEHA O. Zhang A, Gupte AA, Chatterjee S, Li S, Ayala AG, Miles BJ, Hamilton DJ. Prolactin is an anterior pituitary hormone that influences the function of several organs; therefore, this hormone may be significant in the regulation of prostatic cholesterol, especially free cholesterol, by the stimulatory effect of androgens [32,33]. a. bulbourethral gland b. prostate gland c. seminal vesicle d. rete testis beside the fact that acidic medium can damage the sperm! Prospective assessment of two-gene urinary test with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate for men undergoing primary prostate biopsy. Plots showing the correlations between biochemical parameters in blood and cancer staging (in terms of clinical stage and GS)with the respective correlation coefficients calculated based on (A) all investigated samples or (B) separately, according to the study groups. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. Considering the GS (p = 0.02) the correlation between this parameter and the concentration or urinary CA was significantly weaker. Sciarra A., Maggi M., Salciccia S., Nicolai A., Tortorella E., Giantulli S., Magliocca F.M., Silvestri I., Taglieri L., Cattarino S., et al. Before I. Farid * = concentration in the extract, normalized by weight; ** = concentration normalized to creatinine; SD = standard deviation; LDL = low density lipoprotein; TC = total cholesterol; HDL = high density lipoprotein; and TG = triglycerides. The .gov means its official. Therefore, the determination of CA and other intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in human tissues is a relevant approach to diagnose a prostate tumor. Then, 50 L of such a solution of the citrate reaction mix was added to 50 L of each regular or standard sample. We have recently proposed an autoimmune etiology in 35% of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis patients, the most frequent form of prostatitis observed, CA Cancer J Clin. 1959 Jan;81(1):157-64. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)65983-4. The prostate secretes a milky fluid, the prostatic fluid, which makes up about 30 percent of the total fluid that's ejaculated. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. All diagnoses, both PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), were histologically confirmed by prostate biopsy. The observed negative moderate correlation between TC or HDL and prolactin was much more significant in cancer cases (rho = 0.56 and 0.41 in the positive cohort, against rho = 0.22 and 0.18 in the control group). 1963 Oct;12:307-8. For this reason, lipids are found to be promising indicators for the detection of PCa in the early stages of the disease [4]. . Characteristic of groups in reference to morphological evaluation according to the Gleason scale (GS) and pTNM stage assessment (B) characteristic of population in the two groups. This may not be the complete list of references from this article. J Urol. The symbols ***, ** and *, correspond to p < 0.001, 0.001 and 0.05, respectively. 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