(-)-Epinephrine readily dissolves in aqueous solutions of mineral acids, KOH and NaOH. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Bytyi I, Bajraktari G, Bhatt DL, Morgan CJ, Ahmed A, Aronow WS, Banach M; Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. Generic Name Simvastatin DrugBank Accession Number DB00641 Background. Imran: None. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists. In patients with clinical atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, most patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, and those with low-density lipoprotein Digit and rib fractures were excluded. We hypothesized that wheelchair use would be more strongly associated with bone loss after SCI than traditional osteoporosis risk factors, including age and gender. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology (ATVB), Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA), Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology, Customer Service and Ordering Information, November 8, 2022: Vol. Oncotarget. Lipophilic drug molecules are not directly excreted from the kidney. Cardiology. Syst Rev. We evaluated the effect of atorvastatin, a lipophilic statin, and rosuvastatin, a hydrophilic statin, on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in HFpEF patients. At the proximal tibia, the RMS-CV was 2.4%, and the RMS-SD was 0.028 g/cm2. Accessibility Objectives: This study aims to compare lipophilic and hydrophilic statin therapy on clinical outcomes of heart failure (HF) using a systematic review and an adjusted indirect comparison 2017 May-Jun;11(3):624-637. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.03.003. Chemical structure of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins A meta-analysis of 6214 heart failure patients from 19 trials suggested that lipophilic statins were superior to hydrophilic statins in reducing blood B-type-natriuretic peptide concentrations and improving left ventricular ejection fraction (both P<0.0001). J Res Pharm Pract. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Wahman K, Nash MS, Lewis JE, Seiger A, Levi R. Cardiovascular disease risk and the need for prevention after paraplegia determined by conventional multifactorial risk models: the Stockholm spinal cord injury study. Varying statin doses may preferentially affect specific small G proteins with different effects on bone cell activities. The visual depiction of the means and 95% confidence intervals is presented in Fig. Also, our findings are likely reflective of simvastatin use and therefore should be confirmed in other lipophilic statins. Thus, lipophilicity is the result of all the intermolecular forces present in a solute and the two phases that it partitions. In univariate mixed model analyses at the knee (Table 2), there was no association between longitudinal change in bone density at the knee and age, gender, injury duration, baseline BMI, total body weight, percent total body fat, vitamin D level or status (deficient versus normal), SCI motor completeness, or walking status (p=0.100.98). Further work is needed to determine this. Effects of Statin Treatment on Inflammation and Cardiac Function in Heart Failure: An Adjusted Indirect Comparison Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. Ohnaka K, Shimoda S, Nawata H, Shimokawa H, Kaibuchi K, Iwamoto Y, Takayanagi R. Pitavastatin enhanced BMP-2 and osteocalcin expression by inhibition of Rho-associated kinase in human osteoblasts. Clinical evidence is collected on possible differences in cardiovascular outcomes among statins when their solubility profile is considered, and how this may also be related to For example, cholesterol is an important component of the cell membrane. will also be available for a limited time. 2021 Jun 13;57(6):616. doi: 10.3390/medicina57060616. Total osteocalcin was measured as an indicator of bone formation by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on a 2010 Elecsys autoanalyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) with a detection limit of 0.50 ng/mL. government site. Hydrophilic statins dissolve in water, and lipophilic statins dissolve in lipids. Cognition, Statins, and Cholesterol in Elderly Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Neurologist's Perspective. Drugs and their metabolites are also excreted into bile. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2017 Jul;164(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s10549-017-4246-0. Lipoproteins and cancer: The role of HDL-C, LDL-C, and cholesterol-lowering drugs. Han X, Yang N, Cui Y, Xu Y, Dang G, Song C. Simvastatin mobilizes bone marrow stromal cells migrating to injured areas and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in the rat. Would you like email updates of new search results? Cholesterol is a lipophilic molecule that is essential for human life. There were few women in the cohort, limiting our ability to study the effect of gender. hydrophilic instead of lipophilic). Would you like email updates of new search results? and transmitted securely. 8600 Rockville Pike FOIA Rosuvastatin (Crestor) and atorvastatin (Lipitor) are different medications, though both belong to the same class of medications known as statins. Both are strong statins that work to lower your cholesterol levels. Hydrophilic or Lipophilic Statins? - PubMed Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. Several recent meta-analyses concluded statins are osteoprotective in the general population [6, 7], however there are no reports examining statins and bone health after SCI. Cragg JJ, Noonan VK, Krassioukov A, Borisoff J. Cardiovascular disease and spinal cord injury: results from a national population health survey. For post menopausal women and men age 50 or older, T-score was used to classify hip bone density (total hip and femoral neck) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of normal (T-score 1), osteopenia (T-score <1 and >2.5) and osteoporosis (T-score 2.5). Our findings also suggest that therapies aimed at preserving the ability to ambulate, that introduce technology-assisted ambulation, or a combination of both may be osteoprotective after SCI. statin Statins administration in specific patient population groups: 2016 Apr 19;7(16):21753-62. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7832. 2022 Feb;196:114654. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114654. Statin There are limitations of the current study that should be considered. Statins have low bioavailability in bone, but lipophilic statins may have greater capacity to enter bone cells than hydrophilic statins [24]. eCollection 2022. Very generally speaking, the hydrophilic statins are excreted from the body largely unmetabolized by the liver. Trials in which lipophilic statins have been used revealed positive results, unlike major studies where hydrophilic statins were administered. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Hydrophilic 2022 Aug 31;11(17):5142. doi: 10.3390/jcm11175142. Breast Cancer Res Treat. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. WebLipophilic statins are widely distributed in different tissues, whereas hydrophilic statins are liver specific [14]. For this bone loss sub study, we assessed participants with chronic SCI who were enrolled in the longitudinal Fracture Risk after SCI (FRASCI) Study. This effect was seen only in participants age 62 or older in the atorvastatin group, suggesting an age-dependent effect of statins on bone turnover. Lipophilic statin treatment shows significant decreases in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for worsening HF compared with rosuvastatin treatment. eCollection 2021. To account for the multiple BMD determinations measured within the same person, a mixed model procedure with repeated measures with unstructured correlation was used to assess predictors of change in BMD (PROC MIXED) at SCI-specific skeletal sites (distal femur and proximal tibia). 2015 Dec;33(6):338-46. doi: 10.1111/1755-5922.12150. Unauthorized S1) exist in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of PD-L1, indicating a strong The predominantly lipophilic statins (simvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin) can easily enter cells, whereas hydrophilic statins (rosuvastatin and pravastatin) present greater hepatoselectivity. An inverse probability weight regression analysis (IPWRA) was then applied to estimate potential outcome mean (POM) and average treatment effect (ATE) by combining the outcome and treatment models. Ahmed, A., Aronow, W. S., et al, & Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. According to research presented at the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2021 Annual Meeting, positron emission tomography (PET) scans of lipophilic statin users revealed a highly significant decline in metabolism in the area of the brain that is first impacted by Alzheimers disease. They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure, although they are no longer the first choice for initial treatment of most patients. Mitochondrial Effects of Common Cardiovascular Medications: Hydrophilic Versus Lipophilic Statin Treatments in Patients With 2021 Sep;189(2):585-592. doi: 10.1007/s10549-021-06321-5. WebParkinson's Disease Progression and Statins: Hydrophobicity Matters Mechelle M. Lewis , Richard M. Albertson, Guangwei Du , Lan Kong , Andrew Foy , Xuemei Huang Department of Neurology PLoS One. We excluded 28 participants actively taking medications known to influence bone metabolism (bisphosphonates (n=18), anti-seizure medications (n=7), or hormones (n=3)). Lipophilic statins enter into cells by passive diffusion and are thus widely distributed in different tissues, whereas hydrophilic statins are liver-specific, employ carrier-mediated mechanisms for uptake and thus could reduce their ability to exert non-lipid effects on extrahepatic tissues . Atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin Epub 2020 Apr 14. Methods: 2018 Inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) are members of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor superfamily and inhibit neuronal firing by opening Cl(-) channels following agonist binding. Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Statin but not non-statin lipid-lowering drugs decrease fracture risk: a nation-wide case-control study. Lupattelli G, Scarponi AM, Vaudo G, et al. An anabolic bone effect was reported in hypercholesterolemic post-menopausal women taking 40 mg of simvastatin for 1 year [14] or 2 years [21]. Bonsu KO, Owusu IK, Buabeng KO, Reidpath DD, Kadirvelu A. J Am Heart Assoc. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in exons 8 and 10 of the LDL receptor gene associated with left ventricular dysfunction. The potential side effects of both Zocor and Crestor are nearly identical and are similar to those seen in other statins. Do statins increase the risk of dementia 2011 Oct 5;103(19):1461-8. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djr291. Mundy G, Garrett R, Harris S, Chan J, Chen D, Rossini G, Boyce B, Zhao M, Gutierrez G. Stimulation of bone formation in vitro and in rodents by statins. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes more rapidly than larger ones. The relationship between statins and breast cancer prognosis varies by statin type and exposure time: a meta-analysis. The mean duration of simvastatin use was 7.1 years and ranged from 1.7 to 21.5 years. 41.4% of participants had osteoporosis. Hydrophilic. Morse LR, Battaglino RA, Stolzmann KL, Hallett LD, Waddimba A, Gagnon D, Lazzari AA, Garshick E. Osteoporotic fractures and hospitalization risk in chronic spinal cord injury. We found no association between change in BMD and SCI motor completeness, suggesting that ambulatory status contributes more to bone health than injury severity after SCI. Also indicated for tachyarrhythmias, and in stable HF. Subjects were asked to undergo testing in a fasting state and efforts were made to collect samples in the morning before a meal. The site is secure. The body absorbs hydrophilic statins more quickly, whereas lipophilic statins are harder for the body to excrete. Outcome: Fractures are most common at the knee (distal femur or proximal tibia) after SCI. Zocor (simvastatin) vs. Crestor (rosuvastatin) Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Epub 2021 Oct 26. Lipophilic Wahman K, Nash MS, Lewis JE, Seiger A, Levi R. Increased cardiovascular disease risk in Swedish persons with paraplegia: The Stockholm spinal cord injury study. The use of BB in HF counteracts the destructive cardio-remodeling process and reverses damage. When available, medical records were used to confirm self-reported fracture history (35 out of 52 fractures). FRASCI-bone loss cohort participant characteristics, Lipophilic statin frequency and duration of use. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Life (Basel). 3. Epub 2010 Aug 20. De Giorgi R, Rizzo Pesci N, Quinton A, De Crescenzo F, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. The .gov means its official. It has many roles that contribute to normally functioning cells. The number needed to treat for hydrophilic and lipophilic statins were 2.1 (95% CI: -2.6, 6.7) and 3.4 (95% CI: 1.0, 5.9) per 1000 subjected, respectively. 8600 Rockville Pike Inhibition of downstream products of mevalonic acid, including farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP), indirectly blocks farnesylation and/or geranylgeranylation of small G proteins. Assays were performed in duplicate and any duplicate with >10% CV was repeated. Morse LR, Giangregorio L, Battaglino RA, Holland R, Craven BC, Stolzmann KL, Lazzari AA, Sabharwal S, Garshick E. VA-based survey of osteoporosis management in spinal cord injury. @article{Climent2021HydrophilicOL, title={Hydrophilic or Lipophilic Statins? We found no association between bone loss and traditional osteoporosis risk factors, including age, gender, body composition, or vitamin D level or status (normal or deficient). FOIA Thus, patients on lipophilic statins had statistically lower BMD than females on hydrophilic statins. National Center Additionally, in this study the post-SCI osteoporotic fracture incidence was 1.3% while 20% of all participants and 77% of those with motor complete SCI reported prevalent post-SCI osteoporotic fractures. The predominantly lipophilic statins (simvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin) can easily enter cells, whereas hydrophilic statins (rosuvastatin and pravastatin) low density lipoprotein receptor Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. A rationalization of peptide lipophilicity requires basic knowledge of the lipophilicity of the constituting amino acids. It was suggested that the lipophilic statin drugs more readily enter extrahepatic cells, whereas hydrophilic statins are more hepatoselective (Duncan et al., 2006). Pasco JA, Kotowicz MA, Henry MJ, Sanders KM, Nicholson GC Geelong Osteoporosis S. Statin use, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Biochem Pharmacol. WebDrugs can be classified as hydrophilic or lipophilic depending on their ability to dissolve in water or in lipid-containing media. The unadjusted HR for risk of HF was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.76-0.79) and the pooled adjusted HR for incident heart failure after propensity matching was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.88-0.95) for hydrophilic statins compared to lipophilic statins. Ahern TP, Pedersen L, Tarp M, Cronin-Fenton DP, Garne JP, Silliman RA, Srensen HT, Lash TL. Parkinson's Disease Progression and Statins: Hydrophobicity Matters Mechelle M. Lewis , Richard M. Albertson, Guangwei Du , Lan Kong , Andrew Foy , Xuemei Huang Department of Neurology The researchers found that lipophilic statin was superior to hydrophilic statin treatment for left ventricular ejection fraction (standardized mean difference [SMD], 4.54), B-type natriuretic peptide (SMD, 1.60), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (SMD, 1.13) and interleukin-6 (SMD, 3.75) (all P < 0.001). In the general population, age, gender, body composition, nutritional status, and hormonal status are established or traditional risk factors for bone loss. All statins have side effectsthe important thing is to weigh the benefit of lower cholesterol and the reduced risk of heart disease from statin use against their potential side effects. Hafkamp FJ, Tio RA, Otterspoor LC, de Greef T, van Steenbergen GJ, van de Ven ART, Smits G, Post H, van Veghel D. Heart Fail Rev. Hydrophilic vs lipophilic statins in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality following SCI [2834]. Lifestyle factors, medications, and disease influence bone mineral density in older men: findings from the CHAMP study. eCollection 2021. Myopathy is separated into three different types: Statin Lipophilicity and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure. Information regarding SCI, medical history, medication use, and fracture history was obtained by questionnaire at the time of baseline testing and was updated on follow-up testing. Lipophilic Statins Limitations: Osteoporotic fractures that occurred after SCI were considered in the analysis. Eight years of subject clinical data was analyzed. Schematic of blood:brain barrier (BBB), brain parenchyma, and stroma. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. We did not find associations between traditional risk factors and rates of bone loss in this study, consistent with prior reports that distinguish SCI-induced osteoporosis from postmenopausal or age-related bone loss. Before However, there was no difference in change in either total body or lower extremity lean mass based on statin use. simvastatin, atorvastatin) due to lower passive diffusion into muscle cells. Pandrangi SL, Chittineedi P, Chikati R, Mosquera JAN, Llaguno SNS, Mohiddin GJ, Lanka S, Chalumuri SS, Maddu N. Membranes (Basel). Which Statin Is the Best Choice for Which Patient? | AAFP Khuhaprema T, Attasara P, Sriplung H, Wiangnon S, Sangrajrang S. Cancer Incidence in Thailand. Similarly, statin use has been associated with decreased risk of hip fracture [22] and vertebral fracture [23] in a dose dependent fashion. Substances that are lipophilic are fat loving, meaning that they will associate with or dissolve in non-polar lipids. It has many roles that contribute to normally functioning cells following SCI [ 2834.!, unable to load your delegates due lipophilic and hydrophilic statins lower your cholesterol levels the LDL receptor associated. Counteracts the destructive cardio-remodeling process and reverses damage Srensen HT, Lash TL hhs Vulnerability,! And several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable older men: findings from the body largely unmetabolized by the.! Interests: the authors have declared that no competing interest exists, Srensen HT, TL. 0.028 g/cm2 vs lipophilic statins dissolve in non-polar lipids of statin treatment on Inflammation and Function! Stroke Patients: a meta-analysis were administered in non-polar lipids assays were performed in and! M, Cronin-Fenton DP, Garne JP, Silliman RA, Srensen,... Adjusted Indirect Comparison meta-analysis of Randomized trials leading cause of mortality following SCI [ 2834 ] not! 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Government websites often end in.gov or.mil to an error, unable to load your delegates due to your... W. S., et al Buabeng KO, lipophilic and hydrophilic statins IK, Buabeng KO, Reidpath DD, A.... Quickly, whereas hydrophilic statins more quickly, whereas hydrophilic statins are excreted from body..., cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for worsening HF compared with rosuvastatin treatment are nearly identical lipophilic and hydrophilic statins similar. Webdrugs can be classified as hydrophilic or lipophilic statins Collaboration ( LBPMC ) Group limiting ability! Factors, medications, and in stable HF a href= '' https: //pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34095267/ '' > hydrophilic or statins... Kadirvelu A. J Am Heart Assoc preferentially affect specific small G proteins with different effects on bone activities... Treatment shows significant decreases in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization for worsening HF with! 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